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tray, basin, pot, tub |
pan or p'an <before B.C.E.1000> pun or p'un pen or p'en |
bon [1881, Hoffmann, "Japanese-English Dictionary," Vol. 1, pp. 85-86] |
tray; shallow basin or pot |
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great mountain (incense) heater |
po-shan [hsiang-]lu <item c. B.C.E.2nd century; this term c. C.E. 6th century> [1909, Laufer, Chinese Pottery of the Han Dynasty, p. 183]; boshan (xiang)lu |
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incense burner in the form of the sacred mountains |
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tray plaything |
pun wan <c.700 C.E.> [1974, Wu, Man Lung Artistic Pot Plants, p. 62]; pen wan |
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little child scene |
hsieh-tzu-ching <c.1300> [1990, Stein, The World in Miniature, p. 24]; shea tzu ching [1974, Wu, Man Lung Artistic Pot Plants, p. 62]; xiezi jing |
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tray stone |
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bonseki <c.600?> [1881, Hoffmann, "Japanese-English Dictionary," Vol. 1, p. 86] |
landscape on a tray with stone and sand |
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water stone |
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suiseki [c.1929, Encyc. Brit., Vol. 3, p. 855] |
viewing stone |
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tray mountain |
pen shan <c.1103> [1961, Schafer, Edward H. Tu Wan's Stone Catalogue of Cloudy Forest, pg. in note 4] p'en shan [1990, Stein, The World in Miniature, p. 39] |
bonsan <c.1582> [1881, Hoffmann, "Japanese-English Dictionary," Vol. 1, p. 86] bonção [1598, quoting 1582, Frois, Cartas que os padres e irmãos da Companhia de Jesus, ff. 62-62v] bonzan [c.1929, Encyc. Brit., Vol. 3, p. 854]; |
a stone with sand and sometimes vegetation, arranged to suggest a landscape |
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ancient tree |
koo shoo <c.17th century> [1822, Livingstone, "Account of the Method," p. 227]; koo shue [1933, McClure, "Methods and Materials," p. 125]; gu shu |
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dwarfed tree; dwarfed woody plants of tree-like habit |
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tray landscape |
p'an-ching <c.1630> [1955, Li, Chinese flower arrangement, p. 4]; pun-ching [1974, Wu, Man Lung Artistic Pot Plants, p. 62]; penjing <1127-1279> [2004, Hung, "'Penzai' or 'Penjing' That is The Question," p. 43] |
bonkei [1899, Yamanaka & Co. Auction Catalog," p. 15] |
landscape in a container |
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the pot's tree | (bo mu) |
hachi no ki <1383?> [1906, Kakuzo Okakura, The Book of Tea, p. 132] |
dwarf potted tree (specifically in a deeper pot and not as refined as would be the shallow tray bonsai) |
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tray plant |
p'oon tsui <by 1688> [1933, McClure, "Methods and Materials," p. 119]; p'an-tsai [1955, Li, Chinese flower arrangement, p. 4]; p'en tsai [1969, Behme, Bonsai, Saikei and Bonkei, p. 15]; pun-sai [1974, Wu, Man Lung Artistic Pot Plants, p. 63]; pen-sai [1984, Koreshoff, Bonsai, p. 4]; penzai pencai |
bonsai <c.1800> [1899, Yamanaka & Co. Auction Catalog," p. 7] |
dwarf potted tree; artistic pot plant; table culture plant; living ming tree; dish gardening |
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box garden |
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hachi-niwa <c.1850?> [1908, DuCane, The Flowers and Gardens of Japan, p. 65]; hako-niwa [1920, "Making Japanese Miniature Gardens," American Forestry, Vol. 26, p. 497] |
Japanese miniature garden; dish-garden |
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pot planted | (bo zhi) |
hachi-uye <c.17th century> [c.1929, Encyc. Brit., Vol. 3, p. 854]; hachi-ue |
dwarf tree in a deep pot |
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planted tree |
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ueki <c.19th century> [1991, Yoshimura, "Modern Bonsai, Part I," International Bonsai, 1991/No. 3, p. 33] |
dwarf potted tree |
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tray picture |
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bon-e <before 1939> [1990, Stein, The World in Miniature, p. 52] |
landscape on a tray made with fine sand and pebbles |
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planted landscape |
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saikei <before 1963> [1963, Kawamoto & Kurihara, Bonsai-Saikei] |
miniature living landscape (often using trees not yet developed enough to stand alone as bonsai, and without as many formal rules) |
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correct trunk |
chih-kan <mid 17th century> [1990, Stein, The World in Miniature, p. 280, n. 49] |
chokkan <c.1800> [1957, Yoshimura & Halford, The Japanese Art of Miniature Trees, p. 65] |
formal upright; straight trunk |
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model style tree | (mo yang mu) |
moyoki <before 1955> [1964, Murata, Bonsai: Miniature Potted Trees, inside back cover]; moyogi mikoshi [1902, Maumené, Les Arbres Nains Japonais, p. 19] |
informal upright |
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hanging over a cliff |
hsüan-yai <mid 17th century> [1990, Stein, The World in Miniature, p. 280, n. 49]; xuan yai |
kengai <c.1800> [c.1929, Encyc. Brit., Vol. 3, p. 854] kengaï [1902, Maumené, Les Arbres Nains Japonais, p. 19] |
cascade; overhanging from a cliff |
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_____ planting |
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yosewye [1899, Yamanaka & Co. Auction Catalog," p. 59] yose uye [c.1929, Encyc. Brit., Vol. 3, p. 854]; yose-ue [1957, Yoshimura & Halford, The Japanese Art of Miniature Trees, p. 66] |
group planting; forest planting; multiple tree |
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stone attached |
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ishitzuki [c.1929, Encyc. Brit., Vol. 3, p. 854]; ishitsuki [1953, Yashiroda, Handbook on Dwarfed Potted Trees, p. 15]; ishi-zuke / ishi-zuki [1964, Murata, Bonsai: Miniature Potted Trees, p. 51] |
stone-clasping style; clinging to rock |
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root upward |
lou ken <mid 17th century> [1990, Stein, The World in Miniature, p. 280, n. 49]; gen shang |
neagari [1900, Bedford, "Elfin Trees," p. 916] |
raised exposed root style (popular at the beginning of the 20th century) |
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literary man tree |
wen-jen-mu; wenren mu [1997, Zhao, Penjing: Worlds of Wonderment, p. 49] |
bunjingi <c.1800> [1957, Yoshimura & Halford, The Japanese Art of Miniature Trees, p. 65] |
literati style; Chinese scholar free-form or abstract |