Sticks and Stones

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The Japanese are passionately fond of flowers, and the dwarfing of trees and shrubs is carried by them to great perfection. ( 1868, U.S., Japan )


The dwarf plants seen in the quarters were Elms twisted into grotesque shapes. ( 1818, U.K., China )
A foreign correspondent of the Boston Traveler relates with how much curiosity he witnessed some remarkably successful specimens of dwarf trees in Japan. ( 1870, U.S., Japan )
However much a correct taste may depreciate the art of dwarfing Trees and Shrubs, no doubt can be well entertained that the subject possesses some attractions to physiologists, since it may, in several respects, extend our information regarding the laws of organic life...  ( 1820, U.K., China )

And yet these dwarfed trees are thoroughly creatures of art. ( 1876, U.S., Japan )
M. Renard had noticed, on visiting the apartments of the Mandarins, similar little trees of the height of some few inches, pitiful to look at, unhealthy, distorted, and covered with excoriations without number, and a thing which astonished him -- the little foliage which ornamented the extremity of the branches, belonged to kinds that ordinarily attain an enormous size, such as the elm, the bamboo, and the cypress... That for the Chinese nothing is beautiful but what is hideous; that a stunted shrub without leaves is a wonder that is worth all the forests in the universe; and so the principal occupation of the Chinese nurserymen is to combat nature in every thing that is beautiful and rich. ( 1847, France, China )

Among the most extraordinary objects connected with gardens are the dwarf plum trees. ( 1886, U.S., Japan )
It is enough to spend a fortune upon, in dwarf trees and vegetable curiosities.  The Japanese shine like the Chinese in monstrosities. ( 1851, U.S., Japan )

What now was the artistic interest of these specimens?  Sometimes it was merely the charm that lies in anything quaint, bizarre, grotesque.  But often we saw forms so beautiful in their way and so clearly illustrative of one phase of Japanese artistic endeavor that it was a pure delight to study them.  Often these little trees were not bizarre and patently deformed, but as fine in their outlines, as grand in their masses, as imposing in their effect, as suggestive of ideas of long existence and vigorous development, as could be the most mighty specimen seen out-of-doors. ( 1890, U.S., Japan )


The most venerable forest-trees may here be seen in flower-pots, their old stems, gnarled and twisted as if writhing under the torture of distortion, perhaps scarce two feet high, while their unnatural branches spread out laterally like the fingers of a deformed hand.  ( 1859, U.K., Japan )
The picturesque dwarf trees of Japan interested me greatly. ( 1893, U.S., Japan )  
...there were hills, cliffs, ravines, and table-land, laid out in winding walks, planted with the famous dwarf trees, hoary little abortions not three feet high, gnarled and twisted like any monarch of the forest, a pleasaunce for a palace of puppets... ( 1876, U.S., Japan )

A remarkable dwarf Cedar, ... described as a remarkable example of the skill of the Japanese in retarding the growth of trees and yet preserving, in miniature, the aspect of an ancient, weather-worn specimen. ( 1893, U.S., Japan )


These vegetable abortions have hitherto only been known to us through the medium of the metal and fictile wares of that wonderful country. ( 1878, U.S., Japan )
A fine example of one of these arboreal paradoxes is to be seen in the Japanese exhibit in the Horticultural Building -- an aged dwarf of an arbor vitæ (Thuja) like a gigantic cedar of Lebanon, which, while having all the inherent characteristics of an actual age and dignity of over one hundred years, is still, with the big vase which it occupies, barely the height of one's shoulders. ( 1893, U.S., Japan )


A lake, a rock-work, a bridge, a stone lantern, and a deformed pine, are indispensable; but whenever circumstances and means admit of it, quaintnesses of all kinds are introduced. ( 1878, U.K., Japan )
And his sister Norah (a pretty, stunted little thing, like a dwarfed tree of Japan) seemed to the boys of the block as exquisite as a confection. ( 1895, U.S., Japan )
These arboreal deformities are produced by great labor, and, if the truth is told about their ages, this work of arresting the tree's development and forcing it into contorted forms must be persisted in by several generations of foresters.  All this painstaking is hardly paid for by the beauty of the resulting abortions, but, as has been suggested, a look at these trees will explain where the fantastic forms come from which serve as models for the plants we see on the lacquered trays, bronzes and embroideries which come from Japan.  ( 1889, U.S., Japan )



But fantasies like these, we gather, are executed on a small scale and not placed where they would disfigure a landscape effect... ( 1889, U.S., Japan )

I have heard these trees described as tortured trees; to me, good specimens never gave that impression, their charm took possession of me, and a grand old pine or juniper whose gnarled and twisted trunk suggested a giant of the forest, and yet was under three feet in height, standing in a soft-coloured porcelain bowl, gave me infinite pleasure.  I could see no fault in them, they are completely satisfying and give a strange sense of repose.  ( 1908, England, Japan )
The Japanese not only take great pleasure in this artificial deformation, but they admire and collect also natural malformations of every kind... This is due to the same intellectual laziness, and is an example of the charm which striking phenomena have for many people with us also, and which the uneducated admire everywhere, but with us the admiration is usually diverted from nature to other objects.  ( 1889, Germany, Japan )



...cultivating a young tree for its shapeliness, advantage is taken of any accidental eccentricity of root or branch, every early symptom of blemish, and these are forced and fostered until first a deformity and ultimately a monstrosity of tree-form is evolved. ( 1896, U.K., Japan )

The finest pot-grown peach-trees I ever saw were in China, their gnarled stems looking truly a thousand years old, their branches trained and bent or merely drooping like a willow, covered with the clear pink blossoms. ( 1908, England, China )
There, on benches, in rows, sit tortured trees in their bowls or pans of faience . Their perfection is a marvel of patience, requiring years for its accomplishment...  The effect is of course exquisite in its elaborate and rather morbid beauty. ( 1904, U.K., Japan )

 
Anyone who knows of additional literary references to bonsai is asked to please e-mail rjb@phoenixbonsai.com .  Contributor acknowledgment will be posted.  Please include as many details as possible.  Thank-you!


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