November - Bonsai Book of Days

Also this month,

1965 -- Long-time New York bonsai grower Mary P. Case first visited Bombay, India for a four month stay. [She would repeat the visit the next two years. During these stays she would experiment and learn that bonsai in the tropics is not the same as "tropical bonsai." Her initial specimens would include bougainvillea, malphighia, lantana, pomegranate, and cedar planted in assorted Chinese and Japanese containers found in second-hand markets. Case's early efforts would result in the formation of The Indian Bonsai Society in 1972. Additional input would come in a few more years through the Indo-Japanese Association.] ("Bonsai in the Tropics: A Report From Bombay" by Mary P. Chase, Journal, ABS, Vol. 2, No. 1, Spring 1968, pp. 3-7; "Bonsai in India" by Jyoti and Nikunj Parekh, Bonsai, BCI, Vol. 37, No. 4, July/August 1998, pg. 39) SEE ALSO: Mar 9, Jul 17

1969 -- The Mashonaland Bonsai Society was founded in Harare (formerly Salisbury, Rhodesia). [In its early days the Society would create a great deal of interest with attendances of 30 to 40 members and visitors at the monthly Monday evening meetings. Many shows or exhibitions would be staged over the years, always popular and arousing great interest among the public. These exhibitions would either be mounted by the Society alone or, more usually, together with another group such as the Garden Club or the Aloe, Cactus & Succulent Society. "Digs" in the country would produce some very good specimens, with the added value of educating the public in a knowledge and appreciation of indigenous trees. The Society would maintain contact with various South Africa bonsai clubs.] ("Bonsai in Africa," in Tsukiyama, Ted T. (ed.) Bonsai of the World, Book I (Japan: World Bonsai Friendship Federation, 1993), pg. 78)

1999 -- The Bonsai House at the Brisbane Botanic Gardens was opened. Situated next to the Japanese Garden, the building was designed specifically to house and compliment the bonsai collection by combining natural elements such as rammed earth walls and bamboo. There are approximately 300 plants in the collection, with as many as 100 on display at any one time. Many of the plants came from the collection of Sydney horticulturist, the late Len Webber. He first became interested in bonsai while stationed in Japan after World War II and developed an extensive collection at his home. In 1985, some of his collection was acquired by Ithaca College of TAFE in Brisbane for use as a teaching aid and was later moved to Grovely TAFE. While under the curatorship of TAFE, the staff and students added a number of plants to the collection. The decision to move the collection to the Brisbane Botanic Gardens Mt Coot-tha ensures Queensland residents and visitors have greater access to a large established collection of bonsai. This collection is being developed further to illustrate different bonsai styles and to display a range of suitable species of plants for bonsai. ( http://www.australia-in-pictures.com/brisbane_botanic_gardens6/index.htm )

1	1998 -- Hideo "Leroy" Fujii died in Phoenix, AZ at age seventy-three on the way home with other members from a demonstration he gave as part of the Phoenix Bonsai Society's display on this last day of the Arizona State Fair. A co-founding member of the Phoenix Bonsai Society (1962) and its sensei for 28-1/2 years, Leroy was a quiet spoken local bonsai master who was preparing to finally receive national exposure at the ABS Symposium in Tucson in late April/early May, 1999. Transforming nondescript nursery stock trees at club meetings into definite bonsai, he preferred his students work hands-on their own trees to gain experience. He had been a landscaper around the Valley of the Sun for four decades and many homes still bear his distinctive mark of full-grown trees with distinct and classic foliage layers. Leroy's life, as well as that of club founder Paul Matsusaki and honorary teacher John Naka, was told in the Nov. 1997 work, Designing Dwarfs in the Desert. ("In Memoriam" by RJB (uncredited), Journal, ABS, Vol. 32, No. 4, Winter 1998, pg. 152) SEE ALSO: Apr 4
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3	1985 -- Saburō Katō was presented with the Ranjuhosho decoration by Japanese Prime Minister Nakasone. The award is given to those who make exemplary contributions to the development of culture or international goodwill. ("President's Message" by Jean C. Smith, Bonsai, BCI, March/April 1986, pg. 20) SEE ALSO: Apr 19, Oct 15, Nov 20 2001 -- The first annual Circle of Sensei Awards were presented by the Golden State Bonsai Federation. The initial group of individuals so honored consisted of Harry Hirao, Mas Imazumi, and John Y. Naka. These respected instructors have over 100 years of total teaching experience among them. ("First Recipients Honored at Convention XXIV" by Sherwin Amimoto, Golden Statements, GSBF, Vol. XXV, No. 1, January/February 2002, pp. 18-19) SEE ALSO: Jan 1, Mar 12, Oct 1, Dec 24, Dec 28 2004 -- Tokyo’s Showa Kinen Park, 444 acres of land that until 1977 was the U.S. military’s Tachikawa Air Base and which is about 10 miles from Yokota Air Base in Tachikawa, opened Japan’s first government-sponsored bonsai garden in an effort to draw interest in this ancient art form. The bonsai garden showcases 61 trees, all donated, many national competition award winners. The oldest tree in the collection is 300 years old. Nestled on the north end of the park’s 15-acre Japanese garden area, the bonsai showcase exhibits the plants in a mostly outdoor setting allowing visitors to get close and contemplate the trees’ shapes against the backdrop of the park’s traditional buildings and landscaping. “The special thing about bonsai is they change; they have more [character] as time passes,” said Yushou Yabe, one of the park’s two full-time bonsai caretakers. Through the care or observation of a bonsai plant, enthusiasts say, one experiences all of the seasons and is brought closer to nature. (Chandler, Stacy "Tokyo garden displays the best of Japan's miniature bonsai trees," Stars and Stripes Scene, Sunday, December 19, 2004, http://www.estripes.com/article.asp?section=140&article=26314&archive=true )
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5	1985 -- The Emperor of Japan bestowed upon bonsai master John Naka the most prestigious award for a non-Japanese citizen, The Fifth Class of the Order of the Rising Sun. ( Bonsai Techniques by John Naka, pg. 262 with b&w photo) SEE ALSO: Aug 16, Oct 1, Oct 10 1994 -- Elandan Gardens opened to the public on six acres of a former landfill for the City of Bremerton, WA. During the previous three years, over 3,000 cubic yards of sandy fill dirt and over 1,500 tons of granite were used by three generations of Dan and Diane Robinson's family to create a landscape of old mossy logs, pristine ponds, waterfalls and streams. Japanese influences are blended with a recreation of the wilds of the Northwest surrounded by the Puget Sound. This is the naturalistic setting for creatures and human visitors to study more than 150 world class bonsai -- maples, pines, cedars, hemlocks, and cypresses -- from Dan's private collection. A 3,500 square foot greenhouse has been transformed into a gallery for rare and unusal plants, bonsai, tools, antiques, gifts and garden arts. ("Elandan Gardens" by Dan Robinson, Bonsai, BCI, May/June 1996, pp. 16-20; RJB telephone conversation with Diane Robinson, Apr. 15, 2000; see also Diane Robinson's "The History and Adventure of elandan Gardens," Journal, ABS, Spring 2004, pp. 9-10 with 5 color photos) SEE ALSO: Jan 26 2002 -- The 1st African International Bonsai Convention started today in Pretoria, South Africa. [Running through the 10th of the month, there were over one thousand bonsai of notable though not always refined quality on display. Salvatore Liporace of Italy and Walter Pall of Germany headlined for participants from Mozambique, Namibia, and South Africa. TV cameras from the National Television were present during Liporace's overcrowded workshop.] ("A Grand Bonsai Debut in an Emerging Continent" by Alessandra Cappelletti, Bonsai, BCI, March/April 2003, pp. 32-35)
6	1900 -- An auction of "rare and beautiful Japanese floral and arboreal plants, curiously and artistically trained, imported by the horticultural department of Messrs. Yamanaka & Co., Osaka, Japan, London, New York and Boston" started today in London. The two-day event included some 300 items. Of these, 81 were Japanese white pine [Pinus parviflora], 74 were compact hinoki cypress [Chamaecyparis obtusa 'Chabo-hiba'], 12 were sago palms [Cycas revoluta], 10 were Podocarpus species, and 2 were Chinese junipers [Juniperus chinensis]. A 43-page catalogue was produced for the event. ("From Temple to Terrace, The Remarkable Journey of the Oldest Bonsai in America" by Peter Del Tredici (Jamaica, MA: Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University: Arnoldia 64/2-3, 2006), pp. 13, 30). 1999 -- The Golden State Bonsai Collection-North opened its gates on this date in the Lake Meritt Garden Center, Oakland, CA. This was directly behind the Lakeside Garden Center complex which had been the scene of many bonsai meetings, shows and celebrations since the late 1960s. (The lake itself, created in 1870, marked the opening of the first wildlife refuge in the United States.) [The rooms would be available to Collection-North when indoor space was required. With Kathy Shaner as curator and Japanese dry stream-type landscape architecture by Jim Ransohoff, the garden would contain donated trees and stones of John Naka, Harry Hirao, Katsumi Kinoshita, and Helen Murakoshi among others, behind the Friends of Mas Imazumi Entry Gate. A stunning California juniper styled by Masahiko Kimura would also be an early resident. Meandering pathways would lead viewers to benches and pedestals displaying 25 to 50 trees rotated out of a collection of about a hundred. Ten months after opening, as of the end of August, there would have been some 14,030 visitors.] ("Golden State Bonsai Collection-North Docents Inducted into Hall of Fame" by Chuck Gallagher, Golden Statements, GSBF, November/December 2000, pg. 6; Golden State Bonsai Collection-North, http://test.visualwebcasting.com/bonsai/collection.htm ; "Golden State Bonsai Collection-North Lakeside Garden Center" brochure, written and designed by Dorothy Hayden Land, Feb. 23, 1997; "Oakland's Bonsai Park -- Life and Death among Little Trees" by D.M. Roche, New California Media Online, January 14, 2000, http://www.ncmonline.com/arts-and-culture/2000-01-14/bonsai.html.) SEE ALSO: Dec. 24
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8	1980 -- The Constitutional Meeting of the Spanish Bonsai Association was organized by Dr. Gustavo Piera with assistance of representatives from seven clubs in five cities meeting in Valencia. The clubs were from Barcelona (3), Madrid (1), Seville (1), Alicante (1), and Valencia (1). ("Club Corner Correction," Bonsai, BCI, Jan/Feb 1982, pg. 28)
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11	1929 -- James Barrett was born in Los Angeles, CA. (Attending a number of schools in the LA area, he would finish at the technical school Frank Wiggans having learned mill carpentry. By age 14 he would have set up his own lath house and was growing vegetables from seed. By age 23 he would become a fireman in Alhambra, CA, serving 35 years, 17 of them as a Battalion Chief. Early on he would have seen a "Ming tree" in the home of a friend. Several years later he would order some elm seed by mail and begin on his own. By 1955 he would be married, have his own house, and that fall make his first real attempt at bonsai. His teacher would be the elderly and not very talkative Mr. Kishi at the San Gabriel Nursery. In the spring of 1959 Jim would meet Khan Komai and initially do some woodwork at the latter's new nursery. One day when the two of them were at the nursery someone would come in and inquire about bonsai classes. With the help of Frank Nagata, Komai's father-in-law, a systematic presentation would be worked out and classes take place. Jim would thus become the first non-Japanese instructor in the country to teach organized bonsai classes. In a few years the group would form the Santa Anita Bonsai Society and Jim would be its first president. He would chair the National Bonsai Convention '74 hosted by the California Bonsai Society, in conjunction with BCI and ABS. Barrett would be the vice-president of BCI from 1973-74, president from 1975-76, and in 1978-79 the first president of the new Golden State Bonsai Federation in California. He would be an ABS Director in 1983, 88, 91-94. He would write an least eighteen articles for the BCI Bonsai magazine. In 1975 he would begin to make bonsai pots, and by 1978 have his own kiln. He would also become quite proficient with the dwarf mutation of the common Chinese elm ( Ulmus parvifolia ) which he named after its discover, the [John] Catlin elm.) (Donovan, Earl H. "The Barrett Gate," Bonsai, BCI, Vol. XIII, No. 5, June 1974, pp. 10-11; Land, Dorothy "Looking Toward IBC '94/GSBF XVII," Bonsai, BCI, Vol. XXXII, No. 5, September/October 1993, pp. 53-54; Barrett, James R. “The Catlin elm: Ulmus parvifolia ‘’Catlin,’” International Bonsai, Autumn 1980, pg. 11.) SEE ALSO: Jan 1, Feb 25, Jun 19. 1968 -- The Bonsai Court in the Japanese Garden (established in 1912) of the Huntington Botanical Garden was originally opened to the public. [The court would be completely renovated in 1995 to accomodate a larger collection and to display the trees better.] (Ann Richardson personal e-mail to RJB, July 18, 2002; "A Day at the Huntington with Ben Oki" by Donna Banting, Bonsai, BCI, January/February 2001, pp. 21, 23 which stated that the year was 1966.)
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13	1901 -- Toichi Tsumura, M.F.S., gave a talk before the Japan Society in London on "Dwarf Trees." His speech, which was illustrated with at least thirteen lantern slides, would be documented in Japan Society: Transactions, Vol. VI, Part I, pp. 2-15.
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15	1899 -- The earliest known auction in the U.S. of Japanese dwarf trees started today in Boston. The four-day event was sponsored by Yamanaka & Co. and included some 450 items. Of these, 112 were compact hinoki cypress [Chamaecyparis obtusa 'Chabo-hiba'], 82 were Japanese white pine [Pinus parviflora], 49 were Podocarpus species, 43 were sago palms [Cycas revoluta], 10 were Chinese junipers [Juniperus chinensis], and 5 were maples [Acer species]. An 86-page catalogue was produced for the event. A free exhibition began on Monday Nov. 13. ("From Temple to Terrace, The Remarkable Journey of the Oldest Bonsai in America" by Peter Del Tredici (Jamaica, MA: Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University: Arnoldia 64/2-3, 2006), pp. 10, 13) 1964 -- The first meeting of the Bonsai Society of the Carolinas was held at E. Felton Jones' newly formed Little Pines Nursery. At the outdoor studio twelve charter members were present: business men, housewives, doctors, students and others meeting as a study group to expand their horizons in the art of bonsai. The group's name was meant to be temporary until a more suitable Japanese name could be decided upon. Some of Felton's bonsai displayed previously at the Charlotte Sears garden center had caught the attention of a Ms. Baker, an Ikebana enthusiast. A series of introductions followed and Felton was invited by the Ikebana Society to exhibit some of his bonsai in their display at the 1964 South Spring Home and Flower Show. During the week-long show thousands saw the five "little trees" on display. A special eight people, one-by-one, then made their way to Felton's nursery, the proprietor having recently returned to his native North Carolina after studying bonsai with John Naka and Frank Nagata in California. The study group developed into a club whose original fifteen-person-limit membership (all that could fit into the nursery at one time) was by current member recommendation only. [The group, which is still going strong and has more than fifteen members, apparently still hasn't decided on a Japanese name...] (The society website: http://www.perigee.net/~bonsai/HISTORY.HTM ) SEE ALSO: Jan 7, Apr 4, Aug 19 1995 -- The Shanghai Botanical Gardens opened a new penjing display pavilion. For several centuries the garden has been regarded by the Chinese as the center of the best penjing cultivation. It was established on the site of the Longhua nursery after 1974 and the garden was opened to the public in April 1978. The masterpieces therein come from many regions in China although the trees predominantly conform to the Shanghai School of Penjing. The extensive new outdoor display area has expansive pathways and generous use of space in the staging of the trees, each on its own stone pedestal. The window and skylight-filled octagonal indoor display building holds many smaller trees. [The Longhua nursery was established in 1954 to raise ornamentals for planting in and around Shanghai municipality. Of its 175 acres, 125 were devoted to raising almost two hundred thousand saplings of more than 240 species of trees. It had also been a site for long and arduous training in the ancient and highly specialized art of penzai. Student-gardeners there spent up to ten years learning the theory and practice. In order to reproduce regional styles they needed to be able to read classical literature and therefore studied language and calligraphy. They learned to draw and to paint -- Longhua had the services of several visiting artists as well as its own resident treacher of painting -- and the student-gardeners, of course, also acquired the techniques of tree-breeding, grafting, and propagation, in addition to the specialized practices of manipulation.] ("Shanghai Botanical Gardens" by Carl Morrow, Bonsai, BSI, Jan/Feb 1997, pp. 32-36; Forestry in Communist China by S.D. Richardson; Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins Press; 1966, pp. 75, 155, which spelled the nursery's name as "Lon Wha"; a photo of a corner of the garden is shown on pp. 136-137 of Yunhua Hu's Penjing, The Chinese Art of Miniature Gardens )
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17	2002 -- Hirosumi Ichihara, Chairman of the Japan Satsuki Association, died in a car accident. A prominent Tokyo businessman, Ichihara was the bonsai leader who organized the gift of the seven outstanding satsuki azaleas to the National Bonsai and Penjing Museum in March 2002. ("Museum Notes," NBF Bulletin, Vol. XIII, No. 2, Winter 2002, pg.7)
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20	1976 -- A display was held at the Museum of Modern Art in Caracas, Venezuela, put on by the Club Venezolano de Bonsai. John Naka helped arrange the exhibit. Over three thousand people visited that first day. The display was also covered by live television. ("Bonsai in South America," Bonsai, BCI, Sept 1977, pg. 228) 1999 -- At the JAL World Bonsai Fair held at the Miyako Messe, Kyoto, Saburō Katō was given a Gold Medal Award from Rosade Bonsai Gardens by Mrs. Solita Rosade, President of Bonsai Clubs International. The award is given to the person who has contributed for promoting Bonsai culture worldwide. (At the Fair there were 100 photographs of the contest winners' trees along with 300 Japanese bonsai and shopping at the market during this Taikanten bonsai exhibition.) ("JAL World Bonsai Fair '99, East Meets West," http://210.174.160.218/bonsai/fair.html, accessed 08/23/01) SEE ALSO: Apr 19, May 15, Oct 15, Nov 3
21	1974 -- The author, photographer, naturalist, and horticulturist George Frederick Hull died at age 65. A 46-year staff member of the Chattanooga Times, his long career as its chief photographer and garden editor was interrupted only by his service in the U.S. Army during WWII. His photographs had been seen in such magazines as Life, Look, Time, and Newsweek, and he had articles on gardening in The New York Times, House & Garden, Popular Gardening, Horticulture, etc., and a magazine in England. His interest in miniature trees was aroused in the early 1950s when a reader asked him "Is it worth $10 for six packets of tree seeds and the secrets of bonsai in order to start a profitable business?" George doubted it, but pursued the answer with several trips to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, to various growers in this country, and with his own efforts to grow plants. Trips to Japan (at least four) would deepen his understanding. He contributed to the Nov. 1962 inaugural issue of the "Bonsai Clubs Association Newsletter," the first English-language bonsai publication, which eventually became Bonsai Clubs International Bonsai magazine. The year after a 1963 study trip was made to Japan, his book Bonsai For Americans was printed by Doubleday & Company, Inc. (His second and third books in 1967 and 1969 were on general gardening topics and were also illustrated by his wife and daughter.) He was a founding member of the American Bonsai Society, was a member of its first Board of Directors and served continuously as a Director until 1973. He regularly attended the BCI and ABS conventions. ("About George Hull" by Dorothy Ebel Hansell, Bonsai Journal, ABS, Spring 1975, p. 15, with photograph; "In Memory...George Hull," Bonsai, BCI, Jan/Feb 1975, p. 16; Hull, Bonsai For Americans, dustjacket notes; "Meet the Directors," Bonsai Journal, ABS, Summer 1971, p. 37, with another b&w photo) SEE ALSO: Feb 23
22	1947 - Craig Coussins was born in Soctland. [He would first see a real bonsai in a flower shop window in 1972 and would start growing these a year later. A meeting with the UK’s leading master at that time — Peter Adams — in 1977 would lead to regular studies under Adams through 1991. A 1500-km round trip would be made every month from Scotland to so study. Craig would begin teaching in June 1978 when he would found the Scottish Bonsai Association. A year after the first UK Bonsai Convention (1981), he would be a founding committee member of the Federation of British Bonsai Societies (FOBBS). Meeting with grand master John Yoshio Naka in 1984 when the latter would come to Edinburgh, Craig would also study with Naka-san at the latter's home in Los Angeles. A Scots pine mountain-collected in Scotland in 1978 would be designed by Craig in the southern Chinese penjing style and would be presented to the people of Xian by its twin city, Edinburgh eight years later. Craig would start travelling, teaching in clubs and conventions around the world in 1990, working in South Africa, England, Italy, Ireland, Russia, Australia, New Zealand, Belgium, Singapore, Canada, and all over America. He would write for many bonsai magazines around the globe. His books would include Bonsai for Beginners (2000), The Practical Guide to Growing Bonsai (2001), the multi-contributor and heavily-illustrated works The Bonsai School (2002) and Bonsai Master Class (2006), and The Handbook of Bonsai (2007, derived from his first book). He would marry Svetlana Novikova. Craig would also love singing bowls, Native American flute, Jazz, opera, photography, suiseki (a collection of over 1,000 pieces would be amassed from around the world), and Chinese and Japanese gardens. Coussins' web site would be http://www.bonsaiinformation.com/.] (Craig Coussins in e-mail to a group of friends, including RJB, 27 Nov 2007; while much of the above information was originally found on the following web sites, the dates used above are corrected to match info from the back inside dust cover of Bonsai for Beginners, plus "About the Author," from pg. 9 of his book Practical Guide (although that one book plus its back inside dust cover give 1981, 1982 and 1983 as the founding dates for FOBBS); "Craig Coussins," http://www.psba.us/coussins.html; http://www.bonsai4me.com/Gallery/GalleryCraigCoussins.html; http://www.suiseki.com/collectors/craigcoussins.html; http://home.comcast.net/~p.wehr/bonsai/CCoussins.html; Coussins, Handbook of Bonsai, pg. 9.) SEE ALSO: May 12
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26	1933 -- Tom Zane was born in Daytona Beach, FL. [He would meet a lady named Sena in 1953 while both were studying at the University of Florida and marry her four years later. From 1955 through 1977 he would be in the Military Police Corps of the U.S. Army. In 1972, he and his family would be stationed at Camp Zama near Tokyo, Japan (for three years). During a courtesy call on a Japanese official with whom he'd work, Tom would see a bonsai for the first time. A few days later he'd be presented with his first bonsai, a five-needle pine. The Service Club there would be offering a 10 part course on beginning bonsai which Tom would take. He and several others from the class would travel to the instructor's home and nursery for lessons during the next two years or so. From 1977 through 1993 he would teach various criminal justice subjects at Daytona Beach Community College. He would found the Kawa Bonsai Society in Daytona Beach in 1978, being its President and then Secretary and News Letter Editor for two decades. He would start teaching bonsai classes in the late 1970s, writing and revising his own course syllabus as none were otherwise available. After writing and publishing the Instructor's Manual for "Introduction to Bonsai -- A Course Syllabus" for several years, Tom would create the "Introduction to Bonsai -- A Correspondence Course," donating the copyrights for both to the American Bonsai Society. In addition to being on that body's Board of Directors, he would also be on the Board for Bonsai Clubs International. Tom would also serve BCI as a master of its website, manager of the audio-visual rental program, 1st and 2nd Vice President, and President (1994-95), among other offices. He would write the Bonsai Societies of Florida Convention Procedural Guide and the BSF Guidelines and Procedures Manual and serve as a website and editor for them. He also would volunteer locally, read extensively and become a specialist in identifying and collecting forgeries of Japanese postage stamps.] ("Interviews," Florida Bonsai, Vol. XXXIII, No. 4, November 2003, pp. 6, 16, 17, 19) SEE ALSO: Apr 29, Sep 15
27	1938 -- Warren Hill was born in Minneapolis, MN. [He would grow up in California and be introduced to bonsai in 1960. After graduation from Moorpark College in Southern California, he would teach horticulture and bonsai techniques for five years at this same school. He would be a member of the California Bonsai Society, and serve in board positions for the American Bonsai Society, Descanso Bonsai Society, and the National Bonsai Foundation in Washington, D.C. Beginning in 1970 he would perform numerous demonstrations, lectures and workshops, his specialty being forest plantings. Contributing articles for numerous publications would highlight not only his grasp of the art but his prowess as a writer. Warren would be referred to as the "Father of De-ionized Water" and would write extensively on this scientific subject. From 1996 through 2000 he would be the second curator of the National Bonsai and Penjing Museum.] ("Profiles Of The Stars At IBC '94, Part II," Bonsai, BCI, Vol. XXXIII, No. 4, July/August 1994, pg. 16; "IBC Stars," Bonsai, BCI, Vol. XXVII, No. 2, March/April 1988; conversation with RJB during the International Scholarly Symposium on Bonsai and Viewing Stones, May 18, 2002, Washington, D.C.)
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